Topanga CA Homes for Sale
$6,875,000
Greenleaf Canyon Rd Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family-Detached
- Sq.Ft.:
- 8,645
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 6
- Lot size:
- 8.5 Acres
- Year built:
- 2015
- Baths:
- 10.00
- MLS#:
- 23-341037
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Nuzzled between Malibu and Pacific Palisades, in the Santa Monica Mountains is this stunning exceptionally rare property. Just minutes from the main road, and hidden up a private drive, this place is the best of both worlds: a place to live and love, and a place to work and create. This mixed-use multi-family estate spreads across 2 parcels totaling over 8 acres. Each with a separate address. The smart-wired business Barn stands at 5,400 sq ft, two levels with 7 functional working areas. The floor plan can be easily adjusted to your requirements. The views are stunning, the recreational areas inspire, and the architectural design includes high ceilings, multiple windows, separate entrances, expansive spaces, relaxing patios, and balconies: the perfect place to grow your business. The residential homes are exquisite with high ceilings, custom woodwork, chef kitchens, terraces, patios, custom tile work, and unsurpassed attention to detail. The landscape is special with breathtaking views from the canyons to the ocean. It includes an established fruit-bearing Orchard, and a small private vineyard, mature Oak trees surrounded by native plants, and flower-lined pathways. The experience of the estate is unsurpassed.
$1,095,000
21881 Koontz Way Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 960
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 2
- Lot size:
- 0.16 Acres
- Year built:
- 1972
- Baths:
- 1.00
- MLS#:
- 23335631
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Welcome to your Tuscan-inspired California bungalow, where the allure begins at the gate adorned by a stone arch. This charming 2 bed, 1 bath haven, beckons you with its warm ambiance and inviting features. As you set through the gate, you're greeted by a flat front yard and welcoming porch that sets the stage for the beauty within. The open floor plan seamlessly connects the living room, dining area, and kitchen, creating an inclusive living space. The heart of the home is the classic Topanga River Rock fireplace, a timeless masterpiece that adds character and warmth to the interior. Ascend a few steps to the next level, where two bedrooms await bathed in great natural light, courtesy of charming French doors. These light-filled rooms share a well-appointed bathroom, emphasizing both practicality and style. Crowning the residence is a rooftop deck that promises a sublime lounge area, providing the ideal vantage point for soaking in the surroundings. Positioned directly next to the State Park, nature becomes an extension of your backyard. Embark on a pre-dawn or sunset hike for unparalleled views, immersing yourself in the tranquility that only a proximity to such natural beauty can offer.
$2,695,000
20675 Medley Lane Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 3,800
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 5
- Lot size:
- 0.38 Acres
- Year built:
- 1988
- Baths:
- 4.00
- MLS#:
- 23331273
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Price Improvement ! on the truly Rare Topanga Jewel extensively remodeled home, with Stunning Mountain Views, wood floors, slate tile, new appliances, a sauna, an outdoor gym, and so much more. The Cross-Canyon State Park Views are some of the best views in the canyon. This home is in the Perfect Climate area of Topanga Canyon, with extensive gardens, including a waterfall, gentle boulders, and ancient oak trees which creates a perfect tranquil atmosphere only 10 minutes from the Pacific Ocean and the border of Malibu. This home offers 5 bedrooms, 4 baths, 2 kitchens, with spacious bedrooms, family rooms, an art studio, and a library. The floor plan is flexible and allows the space to be set up to accommodate your wants and needs. Split Level home with many separate areas for friends and family visits. Enter through double doors into a beautiful bright living room with vaulted ceilings, a wood/gas-burning fireplace, large windows, and French doors that bring in the spectacular views. A loft above adds extra space for an office or playroom. Huge decks invite you out from both floors to relax and enjoy the vast canyon views that run the length of the home. The lower floor boasts a generously sized room with elevated ceilings perfect for an art studio or movement area. Adjacent to the large room, you will discover a library with a fireplace, two bedrooms, and a bathroom. In addition to the main house, there is a charming tiny home on the property, complete with an outdoor bathroom, shower, claw foot tub, and yoga deck. This space offers a private nature retreat that is perfect for short-term or long-term guests. This rare property is a true oasis, with water features that add to the peaceful ambiance. Imagine relaxing in the on-site sauna or working out in the covered outside gym, all within the comfort of your own home. These amenities provide a spa-like experience right at your doorstep. The home has solar panels, an oversized two-car garage, and ample storage areas throughout. Optimized for a thriving life/work balance, this property is all within minutes of Topanga Village, iconic hiking trails, the beach, Malibu, Santa Monica, and the SFV.
$1,799,000
517 Canon View Trail Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 1,378
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 4
- Lot size:
- 0.16 Acres
- Year built:
- 1926
- Baths:
- 4.00
- MLS#:
- 23330225
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Huge price improvement! Welcome to this stunning property nestled in picturesque Topanga Canyon, offering breathtaking canyon views from every room. This woods-surrounded retreat boasts an abundance of outdoor space, allowing you to fully immerse yourself in the natural beauty that surrounds you. The house itself was thoughtfully rebuilt in 2009, offering modern amenities and a seamless blend of indoor and outdoor living. Clad in redwood with seamless wraparound decking throughout, the main house includes three bedrooms and two baths, as well as a separate studio and half bath. With light pouring into every room, the home's warmth exudes throughout. As you enter the home, the dining room and kitchen open into a large deck perfect for entertaining or taking advantage of the serenity. With a cozy family room and separate upstairs den, you'll be able to catch up on all the reading you've put off, a glass of wine in hand and warmed up in a blanket. The separate guesthouse and studio provide additional versatility and space, allowing for an artist's retreat, a home office, or a private sanctuary for guests. Outside, you'll find an array of outdoor spaces that are perfect for relaxation and entertaining. Whether it's a morning cup of coffee on one of the redwood decks, a barbecue with friends on the patio, or a peaceful stroll through the enchanting trees, this property offers endless opportunities to enjoy the serene surroundings. With mature landscaping, terraced gardens, and playful nooks aplenty, this property is indeed your own self-sustaining haven. So much beauty and right in the best area of Topanga Canyon! Walkable to the village and right by hiking trails that lead to Topanga Elementary School. A short drive and you're staring at the Pacific Ocean in the heart of Malibu. This is the escape we've all been searching for.
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 1,180
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 1
- Lot size:
- 0.99 Acres
- Year built:
- 2022
- Baths:
- 2.00
- MLS#:
- 23326009
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
A Newly Constructed, fully permitted 1,180 sq ft home offering substantial space for expansion - A rare opportunity tucked away in the heart of Topanga Canyon on nearly 1 acre of usable flat land, this magnificent fire resistant property offers a serene escape from the fast-paced urban lifestyle. Accessible via a shared driveway and a reconstructed private bridge, just off Topanga Canyon Blvd, this property is a hidden gem waiting to be discovered. As you enter the fully renovated single-family home through the custom Old World doors with wrought iron details, you'll be welcomed by a spacious living room with high ceilings and the original Saltillo tile floors which seamlessly connects to an open kitchen fitted with brand new appliances. The living space is bathed in natural light with large windows cut into the timeless slump-stone walls offering tranquil views of the surrounding natural greenery. Up the stairs, you'll find a spacious loft (bonus room) leading to the fully renovated bedroom and 2nd luxuriously adorned bathroom. Enjoy the private balcony surrounded by the beauty of Topanga. The outdoor space is a true oasis. When you step onto the property, you're greeted by the creekside setting, where a 700 sq ft footprint remains of the original barn (was a 3bd/1ba guest house, in the process of being rebuilt) with a newly laid subfloor in place and its own active electric meter, ripe for transformation and awaiting your creative vision. The large yard is fully leveled and covered in decomposed granite (DG), providing a versatile canvas for your landscaping dreams. Take delight in the planting boxes adorned with vibrant roses, while olive trees and fruit trees are thoughtfully scattered throughout the property. In this freshly erected main house, a series of upgrades has been seamlessly integrated to enhance its overall quality and sustainability. The extensive list of improvements includes a double-insulated (R-62) standing seam metal roof with radiant heat shields, which is complemented by energy-efficient Andersen Fibrex windows throughout the residence. A Pelican PSE2000 premium whole house water filter-softener and the installation of an energy-efficient tankless electric water heater and HVAC system, now supported by the upgraded 200A panel, have significantly improved the property's utility. The house has undergone a complete electrical rewiring, and the septic system's: the main septic featuring an oversized 1500-gallon tank, which was both evaluated and certified in 2022, and the second new septic system was strategically installed closer to Topanga Canyon Blvd. awaiting new construction of an accessory building. Structural analysis, reinforcements, and upgrades have been meticulously carried out in the house, utilizing premium materials. To ensure durability, the exterior now features fireproof concrete siding. The landscape has been thoughtfully designed to incorporate native, drought-tolerant, and fire-resistant trees and shrubs, including oaks, laurels, olives, and French lavender planted extensively throughout the property. Additional enhancements encompass a newly paved driveway, new irrigation pump and controller, as well as redwood raised garden beds in a full sun location, creating a harmonious blend of nature, privacy, and tranquility. A new lifetime bridge, boasting galvanized zinc-coated, powder-coated I-beams, reinforced abutments, and culvert protection, spans the creek. This is beautifully complemented by recently renovated weirs, stone gabions, and retaining structure that span the entirety of the property, adding to the overall appeal and functionality. Don't miss this rare opportunity to take over a Topanga homestead that has remained within the same family for more than five decades, that is conveniently located a short walk from Topanga Living Cafe, Will Geer Theater and Topanga Community House. Offering a rare blend of natural beauty, lifetime design, and a blank canvas to shape as your own.
$2,895,000
913 Fernwood Pacific Drive Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 2,440
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 3
- Lot size:
- 1.14 Acres
- Year built:
- 1927
- Baths:
- 3.00
- MLS#:
- 23235583
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Charming oasis perfectly located in Topanga most sought after area of Fernwood. This transcending compound sits on an over an acre of your own peaceful paradise. The property offers a Main house with 3 roomy bedrooms, 2 baths, eat in kitchen with stainless appliance that will impress the most discerning home chef, island, large living area showcasing a wood burning fireplace. The romantic primary ensuite with private deck and clawfoot tub is simply sublime. The outdoor living areas include: a bbq area with el fresco dinning area and bar, large area to entertain or simply cozy up with a book and enjoy nature. Added features, separate spa area with infrared sauna hot & cold soak tubs, and indoor and outdoor areas perfect to enjoy massages and yoga. The Main house an abundance of parking, 6 plus spots! The detached Guest house is private from the main home, features soaring ceilings, large eat in kitchen, cozy living area and loft sleeping area. Terraced working garden, outdoor soak tubs and full bath. In addition there is a private yurt sleeping area or perfect for a studio. The Guest house is also complete with its own private entry and parking area. The flow of this property truly takes every advantage of indoor out living and setting the stage for true Topanga "retreat" living. This magical property is one of kind, perfectly set to call home, and or impressive investment opportunity. Please come and experience the magic for yourself. Click on PLAT MAP for Assessors description and Map. Please call LA1 for more details on this dream property!
$1,195,900
21122 Hillside Drive Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 3,334
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 5
- Lot size:
- 0.11 Acres
- Year built:
- 1927
- Baths:
- 4.00
- MLS#:
- IV23202283
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Have you always dreamed of owning a large home where you can relax and escape the hustle and bustle? Now is your chance to own a piece of paradise! This five-bedroom bedroom offers both. Enjoy the tranquility of the outdoors. This home boasts a boasts a two-car garage plus additional parking, two fireplaces, and a large private yard. Exterior drive-by inspections only - no inspections or viewings. All potential buyers are requested to check with City, County, Zoning, Tax, and other records to determine all details on this property listed above to their satisfaction. Buyer is responsible for performing their due diligence before bidding. This property includes only lots 123 & 126. Home encroaches on abutting lots. The septic tank/propane tank/parking pad/part of the front sidewalk is located on lots, not part of the subject property. Buyer to sign hold harmless agreement. "AS IS" cash-only sale with no contingencies or inspections. The Buyer's premium is due at the closing by Buyer. The Buyer will be responsible for obtaining possession of the property upon closing. This is an AS-IS REO property.
$2,095,000
1128 Canyon Trail Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 1,872
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 4
- Lot size:
- 0.34 Acres
- Year built:
- 1967
- Baths:
- 3.00
- MLS#:
- 23319851
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Just around the bend from Topanga State Park trails, you will find your peaceful place to abide in this four-bedroom, three-bath, contemporary cottage-style home. Situated on a usable third of an acre fenced yard, this home gives you room to entertain family and guests in a mini-compound designed for indoor-outdoor living. The huge kitchen anchors the living and dining rooms, with an open plan that allows guests to flow from the shaded view deck to the wisteria-covered back patio. The primary suite is separate from the other three bedrooms, allowing privacy. Having so many bedrooms provides options for a great home office. The main house bonus basement room could be a home theater, a playroom, or an art studio. Your guests will enjoy their stay in either the separate studio guest house with its own view patio or the guest suite attached to the garage. Flat play areas are edged by pomelo, lemon, lime, plum, and pomegranate trees. Come up to the canyon!
$2,299,000
2329 Tuna Canyon Road Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 3,500
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 5
- Lot size:
- 1 Acres
- Year built:
- 1968
- Baths:
- 4.00
- MLS#:
- 23298509
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Ocean Vista Mid-Century Pool Compound. Here is that rare thing, a compound with views from downtown to Catalina, with a pool, on over an acre! It sounds unbelievable, but such a unicorn exists in the Fernwood Heights on Tuna Canyon. Circle up the long drive, enter the gates, stroll through a flat yard, to 300 views, fruit trees, and walls of windows on the spectacular views! A classic floor through foyer draws you in, high beamed ceilings frame your views, a stone fireplace wall is a total mid-century vibe. Be with your people in the huge great room with an updated kitchen with cement counters, a vast island, and stainless appliances. Here 3 spacious bedrooms, one with an en suite, are an oasis of comfort. Decks wrap around, so you can stroll from view to view. Below, a spacious, remodeled, finished basement, has another large great room, with another huge island, and another welcoming fireplace, with more flat yard, and yes, with more amazing views! Step down past fruit trees to do your morning asanas on the massive, multi-level pool patios, one with a shady arbor. An octagonal pool house is your play world. Down a private path, at the far end of the pool, a rather grand, high-ceilinged studio, with bar area, and a separate laundry can be a work from home or creative space. Down by the road, there is a separate huge flat yard for your Airstream, boat, horse facilities, home farm, or maybe that Teepee or yurt you've always wanted. Topanga Village, the beach, trails, Santa Monica, and Malibu are all minutes away. If you can drag yourself away.
$3,999,000
2345 Tuna Canyon Road Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 4,420
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 4
- Lot size:
- 1 Acres
- Year built:
- 2013
- Baths:
- 5.00
- MLS#:
- 23291521
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
The Pinnacle of Topanga Real Estate, Eagles Peak. A 2020 Architectural, Gated Masterpiece, with panoramic views! Your heart soars as high as the lofty ceilings, and as high as the Golden Eagles seen sweeping across the vast expanse of crystal clear blue skies. Cradled in the lap of luxury, your dreams come true, here. An acre high up in the canyon, and at the apex of luxury. This custom built home by master architect Bruce Bolander, lives easy. Lives beautifully. Lives large. The main house is 3670 sq ft. of breathtaking living, with walls of glass bringing you into the sky. Step up to the main suite, perched on its own level at the top of the house. The wraparound deck, sitting area, 2 walk in closets, and spacious bath, create a seductive retreat. Two expansive bedroom suites, each with en suite, sit below. 2000 ft. of high ceilinged space under the house has walls of glass, and awaits transformation to elegant living space. A two-sided fireplace lets your indoor and outdoor living rooms share equal billing. The kitchen is as spectacular as the rest of the home with top of the line appliances and walls of windows taking in Eagle Rock, Red Rock, and distant snow capped peaks; it begs you to create feasts for loved ones. 1700 ft. of decks add to your endless sky living. White oak floors, marble enwrapped baths, and double height ceilings add to the elegance. A huge 1000 ft. 4 car garage, with a massive view window, perfect for your Tesla and your Peloton to coexist, nestles below. There is room for a pool. The waterwise landscaping is in full bloom, with fruit trees and views of sunrise and sunset. Down the drive, there is an exceptional 1000 ft., 2 story gym, with bath, kitchen, and loft sleeping area, above a second 2 car garage. Jaw dropping views from downtown to Catalina, and a generous terraced patio, allow for life to be celebrated. Here you can watch the Eagles soar.
$1,899,000
575 Fernwood Pacific Drive Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 2,300
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 3
- Lot size:
- 0.28 Acres
- Year built:
- 1925
- Baths:
- 3.00
- MLS#:
- 23270227
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Tropical View Compound in Topanga! Under a canopy of trees, a luxuriant, jasmine scented landscape comes to life, with fern graced stone paths, tumbling flowers, and lush canyon views. Three storybook homes have their own yards, decks, and views! Create your own world. The options are limited only by your imagination! Veggie and flower gardens and fruit trees grace the property, bordered by stone walls. Hidden above the street, lovely, well kept, dwellings are private hideaways. Hawaii and Costa Rica come to mind. The sun splashed main space has 1 bedroom, soaring ceilings and walls of glass opening to 2 decks with serene views. The kitchen is open to the great room, with views of the fireplace, and a door to the private back patio. A hallway leads to a skylit closet and a bright bath with a clawfoot tub. Below, a cozy 1 bedroom apartment beckons, with a woodburning stove, and a deck opening off the bedroom. Step down to the living room from the cutest dining room, ever! The 2 units share a spacious laundry room, and could be combined to create 1 larger home. Across the garden, a soulful, 2 story guest house, with decks both up and down, a full bath and it's own laundry, is perfect as a rental, work space, AirBnB, or guest room. The main floor has a room with a loft above. Downstairs, a designer kitchen and dining space complete the guest house. There is off street parking, and paths to wander. Take a dreamy siesta in the hammock along a sun dappled path, as coastal breezes whisper through the trees. Begin your day with morning asanas on one of the decks. Stroll to the nearby shops, cafes, and trails. Coast down to the nearby beach. Your little slice of heaven will be waiting for you.
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 700
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 1
- Lot size:
- 0.23 Acres
- Year built:
- 1934
- Baths:
- 1.00
- MLS#:
- 23256673
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Come home to cozy and lose yourself in nature. Live the dream of a tiny home life without having to sacrifice the charm or amenities. You want to entertain 10 guests for dinner... do it outside under the oaks. You want to cozy up and watch the night sky... do it through the large picture window from this charming cabin perfectly tucked away in a desirable upper Fernwood location. Offering spectacular views and a combination of lush shady areas next to a seasonal creek and an open area that captures sweeping canyon views and full sun. Accessed through an enchanting staircase that winds down through gorgeous oaks, majestic rocks and lush landscaping this updated charmer benefits from large terraces that provide for perfect outdoor entertaining under the oaks and tropical foliage with a backdrop of stunning boulders. Trailhead to a great hike is right next door
$1,799,000
21171 Colina Drive Topanga, CA 90290
Open House:
Saturday, 4/27 1:00-4:00PM
- Type:
- Single Family
- Sq.Ft.:
- 1,433
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 3
- Lot size:
- 0.46 Acres
- Year built:
- 1977
- Baths:
- 2.00
- MLS#:
- OC24057289
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Experience the epitome of serenity in Topanga with this enchanting oasis! This remarkable property seamlessly combines generous living spaces, contemporary flair, and the allure of nature. Tucked away in the tranquil embrace of Topanga Canyon, it boasts ample room on its expansive lot, perfect for adding a pool or an ADU. With nearly 20,000 sq ft to play with, the backyard beckons for your creative visions. Nearby State Park offers ideal spots for family outings, while the quaint village of Topanga awaits with its charming array of shops, galleries, and cafes. Marvel at the sweeping canyon and mountain vistas, fostering profound contemplation. Nestled within the sought-after community of Topanga, this residence strikes a harmonious balance between peaceful seclusion and convenient access. Embrace the canyon lifestyle while still being within easy reach of bustling Santa Monica, Malibu, and coastal delights. Don't let this opportunity slip away to claim your piece of Topanga paradise. Whether you crave spacious interiors, modern comforts, or a scenic locale, this property promises an unparalleled sanctuary in nature. Step outside and be transported to your personal haven. The vast lot invites boundless outdoor enjoyment, from cultivating a tranquil garden retreat to crafting a bespoke pool oasis. Envision yourself soaking up the sun, hosting unforgettable gatherings, or simply reveling in the breathtaking natural splendor surrounding this haven.
$828,000
199 CHEROKEE Topanga, CA 90290
- Type:
- Condo
- Sq.Ft.:
- 2,214
- Status:
- Active
- Beds:
- 3
- Lot size:
- 0.08 Acres
- Year built:
- 2004
- Baths:
- 2.00
- MLS#:
- 22144055
ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
Spacious home in the desirable Top O'Topanga neighborhood - a gated community just 15 minutes to the beach and 5 minutes from schools, major shopping and all the amenities of Calabasas and Woodland Hills. This bright and airy two story home features high ceilings and multiple entertaining spaces, including large upper level decks with lovely views off of the upstairs bedrooms. The main upper deck has incredible views of the San Fernando valley and mountains as well. The floors are a combination of wood and carpet. A spacious room behind the kitchen has a fireplace and can either be used as a ground level main bedroom or den with its own separate entrance. There are 2 large bedrooms upstairs, one with an attached office/playroom and deck with treetop views. The two-car attached garage is a live/work space designed to be self contained. Palm trees, jasmine, bird of paradise and banana trees create a lush tropical curb appeal. The Top O'Topanga community has a large communal pool, spa as well and gym. The landmark mid-century clubhouse has a library, ping pong table and a billiards table making it perfect for entertaining. The community also has a dog park, car wash and children's playground as well as several hiking trails within walking distance. Agents see Private Remarks for Showing Instructions and other details.
Based on information from Combined LA/Westside Multiple Listing Service, Inc. as of {{last updated}}. All data, including all measurements and calculations of area, is obtained from various sources and has not been, and will not be, verified by broker or MLS. All information should be independently reviewed and verified for accuracy. Properties may or may not be listed by the office/agent presenting the information.
Topanga Real Estate
The median home value in Topanga, CA is $1,743,750. This is higher than the county median home value of $607,000. The national median home value is $219,700. The average price of homes sold in Topanga, CA is $1,743,750. Approximately 69.24% of Topanga homes are owned, compared to 19.17% rented, while 11.59% are vacant. Topanga real estate listings include condos, townhomes, and single family homes for sale. Commercial properties are also available. If you see a property you’re interested in, contact a Topanga real estate agent to arrange a tour today!
Topanga, California has a population of 7,705. Topanga is less family-centric than the surrounding county with 31.98% of the households containing married families with children. The county average for households married with children is 32.35%.
The median household income in Topanga, California is $120,404. The median household income for the surrounding county is $61,015 compared to the national median of $57,652. The median age of people living in Topanga is 46.5 years.
Topanga Weather
The average high temperature in July is 95.1 degrees, with an average low temperature in January of 39.4 degrees. The average rainfall is approximately 16.6 inches per year, with 0 inches of snow per year.